Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Stem Cell Research and a Ban on Human Cloning    Some biotechnology companies claim that a ban on producing human embryos through cloning would stall important research in generating "stem cells" to cure a variety of diseases [Cong. Record, 2/5/98, S425]. To put this claim in perspective:    1. Cloning is desired as a source of "customized stem cell lines" which would be an exact genetic match to each individual patient with a given disease. But this would require each individual patient to undergo somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce one or many living human embryos who genetically are the patient's identical twin sisters or brothers. These embryos would then be destroyed to provide embryonic stem cells.    Two methods of obtaining the cells have been described. In one, the embryo is allowed to develop normally for a week or two to the blastocyst stage, at or after the usual time of implantation in the mother's womb; then this embryo, consisting of hundreds of cells, is dissected for its stem cells. The other method is to introduce molecular signals into the embryo's environment to "trick" its cells into departing from normal development and instead producing "a mass of undifferentiated tissue," which can then be reprogrammed into various kinds of cells [Lee Silver, Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World (Avon Books 1997), p. 128]. In either case, the living embryo is destroyed.    2. This avenue for providing medical benefits has been described even by supporters as "largely conjectural" (J. Kassirer and N. Rosenthal, in New England Journal of Medicine, March 26, 1998, p. 905). President Clinton's National Bioethics Advisory Commission called it "a rather expensive and far-fetched scenario." The Commission observed: "Because of ethical and moral concerns raised by the use of embryos for research purposes it would be far more desirable to explore the direct use of human cells of adult origin to produce specialized cells or tissues for transplantation into patients." The Commission outlined three alternative avenues for promising research using stem cells that do not involve human cloning, two of which do not use human embryos at all (Cloning Human Beings: Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, June 1997, pp. 30-31).    The Commission's Alternatives    The alternatives outlined by President Clinton's Commission are as follows:    1. Generating "a few, widely used and well characterized human embryonic stem cell lines, genetically altered to prevent graft rejection in all possible recipients.

The Role of Service Industry in the Economic Development

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org The Comparative Growth of Service Sectors in Bangladesh Mohammad Shahidul Islam1, Md. Musa2, Rajib Kanti Das3 1. Assistant Professor, School of Business, University of Information Technology and Sciences, 40/1 Jakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh Tel: 88-01190-955692 E-mail:[email  protected] com 2. Lecturer, School of Business, University of Information Technology and Sciences, 40/1 Jakir Hossain Road, Khulshi , Chittagong, Bangladesh,Tel: 88-01819-619269 .E-mail: [email  protected] com 3. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, BGC Trust University Bangladesh * E-mail of the corresponding author: [email  protected] com Abstract The Economy of Bangladesh is classified into three sectors. Of these, the average contribution of service sector, industry sector, agriculture sector to the GDP are 49. 33%, 28. 42% and 22. 42% resp ectively. So, the service sectors contribute most of the development of national economy.The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. It is taken a sample of ten years data of GDP from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the comparison of service sector with other sectors (industry and agriculture). The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP are analyzed with‘t’ test. The average growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector, and agriculture sector are 6. 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively.The growth of service sector is more than the agriculture sector but less than the industry sector (result of‘t’ test). The paper also reveals that total trade deficit of service is increasing over the year. The average employment of Agricul ture, Industry, Service to total employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39% and 25. 36% respectively. The paper emphasizes for the development of Tourism sector, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice, Education with quality, etc. Keywords: GDP, Service, Agriculture, Industry 1. Introduction The Economy of Bangladesh is growing one. It is basically divided into three basic sectors viz.Service, Agriculture and Industry. Among the Economic Sectors in Bangladesh, Service sector is most important. The contribution of service sector to the GDP is about 50% (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010). So, Service sectors influence the development of national economy. There is a latent demand for services in Bangladesh. To specify the need of services for huge population of Bangladesh, such sectors are to be opened for private entrepreneurs with required control. The enormous contribution of service sector and an increasing trend therein have played an important role in high growth of GDP.The analysis o f last few years’ data gives a clear idea on the phenomenon. The contribution of the industry sector to the economy of Bangladesh has been increasing day by day. For the purpose of national income accounting, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) divides the economy into fifteen sectors (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010, Ministry of Finance). 2. Problem statement From the growth of overall size of Economy, it is difficult to identify the significance of specific sector. Proper nurturing of significantly contributory sector, the growth of Economy may be resisted.Previously there was no difference between Services and Products. Service concept is the modern issue in the world. The most of the business is related to services. Even the product itself provides the service to the customers. So the services are the vital issue now. The economic sectors classified by Bangladesh Government are Hotel and Restaurant, Retail trade and Wholesale trade, Transportation and Communication, Rea l state and Renting, Financial Institution, Public Administration and Defense, Education, Health and Social Services, Community and Personal Services are included under Service Sectors.So they occupy a major share of total economics sectors. As a result, importance of service is significant. For Economic development we always think regarding industry and agriculture sectors rather service sectors. But major sector in the economy is service sector. In the modern world, service is required in every phase of life. People expect better service. Our public sectors 178 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org including public enterprises are largest sectors in the economy. But these sectors are losing concern.The public sector is unable to provide competitive service. So, people go to private sectors such as financial institutions, transportation, hospitals, educational institutions, and communication media for better service. But the growth rate of service sectors is either below expected level or not as per its importance in the economy. From this research the problems of service sectors are identified. For increasing the living standard of the people the service concept has come to lime light. Service marketing and service management will get the importance to develop the service sectors in Bangladesh.The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. 3. Objectives of the Study Some specific objectives are set for this research. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the comparative position of service sector. To accomplish this basic objective, following specific objectives are set: i. To conduct the comparative analysis of service sector with Agriculture and Industry sectors. ii..To analyze the im pact of Liberalization on Service sectors iii. To provide the recommendations for development of Service sector. 4. Methodology This research has used mostly secondary data have been used for analysis. Data have been collected from Bangladesh Economic Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, World Bank, and Internet web sites, Books, Newspapers, Magazines and Journals. We have used required data for ten years from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the contribution of economic sectors, growth rate of each sectors viz. service, industry and agriculture.Data of service export and import from 2004-05 to 2009-10 (five years) and the data of employment contribution for 9 years have been explained. 4. 1 Analysis of data: The data have been analyzed using graph, chart and some other simple statistical tools. The growth rate of service sectors (trend) is shown by graphical presentation. The total contribution of service sectors and sector wise share of major sectors are shown graphically. The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP have been compared by student’s‘t’ test. 4. 2 Hypothesis test 4. 2. H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) 4. 2. 2 H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) 4. 2. 3. H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and the growth rate of total GDP) 5. Analysis and Results 5. 1. The Contribution of Service Sector Off all the sectors, service sector is prominent one. Service sector has the growing potential to be driver of sustainable economic growth and significant poverty alleviation in Bangladesh.Service sector in Bangladesh is the largest sector. From the table 2(a), it is observed that the contribution of the service sector is a verage 49. 33%. It is steady over the period. The contribution of service sectors are 48. 77% in 2000-01 and 49. 90% in 2009-10. Figure-1 demonstrates contribution of different sectors in GDP. The groth rate of srvice sector is steady. The average growth is 6. 17%. The growth rates are 5. 43% ,6. 40%, and 6. 59% in 2001-02, 2005-06, 2009-10 respectively. 5. 2. Growth of Sub-sectors of Service Sector Growth rate of service sector is consistnent and contineous.From the Table 1(b), it is shown that the four sub sectors –(i) Trade (ii) Transport, storage and communication (iii) Realstate renting and other Business activities (iv) Community, social and personal services contribute more in GDP which are 14. 06%, 10. 07%, 7. 98%, 7. 39% 179 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org respectively. But The growth rate is more for the Education, Banking, Public administration, Transportation which are 8. 4 2%,8. 13%, 7. 88% ,7. 48% respectively. 5. 3.Comparative Analysis of Service Sector with Agriculture and Industry Sector From the comparative presentation of the sectors, it is found that service sector is sustaiable in terms of growth and contribution to toal GDP. From the Table 2(a), 2(b) and figure -2, it is shown that the average contribution of service sector, industry and agriculute sectors are 49. 33%, 28. 42%, 22. 25% respectively. So, the service sector is the half of total sector of economy. The growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector,and agriculture secture are 6. 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively.Here, from the figure-2, it is seen that the contribution of service sector is steady. The contribution of industry sector is increasing with the reducing trend of agriculture sector. Here, aparently it is seen that the average growth rate of service sector is more the agriculture sectors and the total GDP growth and the average gorwth rate of industry sector is slightly mo re than the service sector. Now we shall statistically test whether the average growth rate of service sector is more than the agriculture sectors and total GDP growth and whther there is significant difference of growth rate between service sectors and industry sector. . Hypothesis test Since in the given data variances of population are unknown and the sample size is small we have used t-test from the table -6. The result of hypothesis test is in table 3. 6. 1. H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) Table 3: Paired Samples Test Details 95% Paired Std. Std. Confidence Differences Deviation Error Interval of the Mean Mean Difference Lower Upper 1. 1152 . 3717 -2. 1783 -. 4639 t df Sig. (2tailed) Pair 1 Growth rate of Service sector – Growth rate of Industry sector -1. 211 Growth rate of Service sector – Growth rate of Agriculture sector Growth rate of Service sector – Growth rat e of Total GDP sector 8 3. 554 .007 Pair 2 2. 7722 1. 2957 . 4319 1. 7763 3. 76826. 419 8 . 4806 . 1602 7. 3847E- . 6650 1. 845 8 02 .000 Pair 3 .2956 .102 Source: Compiled by authors through SPSS The table value is -2. 306 So, the calculated value (-3. 554) is outside the critical region. So, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. There is significant difference between the growth rate of service sector and industry sector.The growth rate of industry is more than that of service sector. 6. 2. H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) The table value is 2. 306. The calculated value(6. 1. 77) is outside the critical region. So, the growth of service sector is more than the growth of agriculture sector. 6. 3. H 0 :  µ1 =  µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and total GDP) The table value is 2. 3306. The calculated value (t=1. 84) is inside the critical region. So, the null hypothesis is accepted.Though the average growth rate of service sector is more than the growth rate of total GDP, but there is no difference with t test. 180 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 7. Trade of service and Trade liberization www. iiste. org Trade liberlization has opened a new horizon for service exports. Service export is the amount which is paid by the foreign national for using the service of Bangladesh. Service import is the amount which is paid by the Bangladeshi national for using the service of other countries. GATS was formed to eliminate the trade barriers.Here we shall see the impact of trade liberization on the service sectors of Bangladesh. From the table 4, the figure-3 is drawn. It is found from the figure -3 that the import of service average Tk. 199368 million is more than the export of service average Tk. 112214. 5 million. The total trade deficit is increasing over the year. The average rate of growth of service export is more than service import which are 16. 16% and 15. 89% respectively. This is a good symptom for Bangladesh. 8. Employment opportunity in Service sector Service sector has created a great scope for employment.Bangladesh is a labor intensive country. Population is an important resource of Bangladesh. From the table 5 (data is taken from world Bank data bank) the figure-4 is drawn and it is shown that average employment of Agriculture, Industry, Service to toal employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39 5and 25. 36% respectively. But employment of service sector is increasing. The employment of industry sector is increasing but agriculure sector is decreasing. 9. Recommendations for Service Sectors After analysis, it can be said that the contribution of service sector is about 49. 22% and the growth rate of service sector is 6. 75%. The contribution is about half of the total economic sectors and the growth rate is more than the avera ge growth of GDP. Emphasis is given on the service sector for development. Since the industry sector is growing rapidly (7. 49%), support can be given by providing the quality and smooth service. The employment in service sector is increasing day by day. So, there is lot of opportunity for employment in this sector. Though there is negative Trade Balance of service of Bangladesh, the growth rate of srvice export is more than that of import. It is a good symptom for us.So we have to emphasize the service export such as Tourism, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice etc. The prospects of some promising service sectors are pointed out below. 9. 1. Development of Tourism Tourism is one of the most promising sectors for Bangladesh with her huge natural beauty, heroic historical background and archaeological resources (Das & Chakroborty 2012). Bangladesh is a country of natural beauty. She has lot of tourism places. These places are of different interest like beaches, historical p laces, archaeological sites, religious palaces, forest and jungle etc. . 2. Development of Software and IT With the passage of time, the globe is being changed from analogue to automation. During last few years Bangladesh showed enormous success in Software and IT Sector which can enlarge the extent of her service market (BASIS 2010). The current size of Bangladesh IT Industry and software/ITES industry is still smaller compared to the overall economy and the number of population (over 150 million). Over the last few years the industry has been grown considerably and is expected to grow at that rate for some time. 9. 3.Information Communication Technology (ICT) With the hope of great development, the govrnment of people republic of Bangladesh introduced National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy in October 2002. This policy document guides the development of a country-wide ICT-infrastructure for human resources development, governance, e-commerce, banking, public utility services and all sorts of on-line ICT-enabled services by 2006. 9. 4. Improvement in Transportation Transportation is an important sub-sector of total service sector. It includes different type of transport for example road transport, waterways, railways, and airlines.Of these, road transport is mostly used means of transport. Road transport in Bangladesh is a private sector affair operating predominantly in domestic routes. 181 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org Rates are among the cheapest in the world. Express and non stop services are available. Total Highways is 204,022 km of which paved is 25,095 km and unpaved is 178,927 km (1996 est. ) (bangla2000. com). 9. 5. Quality Financial Services Financial service is another important part of total service sector in Bangladesh.It is a promising sub sector which consists of the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank), four nationalized commerci al banks (NCBs), 5 stateowned specialized banks (SBs), more than 30 private sector commercial banks (PCBs) and more than 9 foreign commercial banks (PCBs). The rest of the financial sector consists of more than 29 non-bank financial institutions, the capital market, 3 general and 17 life insurance companies, the cooperative banks and the microfinance institutions. 9. 6. Development of Education sector For increasing of people and literacy rate, the demand of higher education is increasing.The technical institution, Business education, health education create the demand to the people. The development of government and private universities is the indicator of growing demand of education sector. 10. Concluding Remarks The contribution of service sector is about 50 percent of the total GDP. So, the growth rate of GDP depends on the service sectors. The service sector provides the support for the development Industry sector and agriculture sector. For the international trade (export and import), the smooth transportations, financial and insurance service is required.For the improvement of the GDP sector, it has to give special emphasize on service sectors. There is lot of scope of development of service sector. Bangladesh is providing transit and transshipment to India, Nepal and Bhutan that will increase return from the transportation and communication sector. The manufacturing sector is growing rapidly. So, the need of financial service and education is increasing in future. Tourism, hotel service is promising in Bangladesh. The trade liberalization on service will cause the opportunity for service export. So, we have to take the initiatives for development of service sectors.This paper has analyzed the comparative contribution of service sector, the growth of service sector, service export and the employment in service sectors. There is scope for further research about the ways of development of service sectors. References: Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation n. d. SUNDARBAN Royal Bengal Tiger and Mangrove Forest accessed 2 May 2011, www. parjatan. gov. bd/forest. php Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services 2010, BASIS Resource Center, Bangladesh, accessed 2 May, 2011, http://www. basis. org. bd/index. php/resource Bhuyan A. R. , Hossain M. I. and Hossai M.A. , 20007, Study on the Services Sector of Bangladesh, The Bangladesh Trade Support Programme (BTSP) Brahs, Stuart J. 2002. Priorities for WTO Financial Services Negotiations Fund Management and Pensions, Principal Financial Group, Washington DC. Bangladesh Bareu of Statistics, BBS (Labour Force Survey) 2006, Dhaka Comjagat. com 2010, Status and Prospects http://www. comjagat. com/home/articles/morearticles/5515 of ICT in Bangladesh, Bangladesh, Choudhury T. A. , Raihan A. , Habib S. and S. Chowdhury. 2000. â€Å"Effects of WTO on Financial System of Bangladesh†: A Research Report, BIBM, 2000.Das, RK & Chakroborty J 2012, An Evaluative Study on Tourism in Banglade sh, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting Vol 3, No 1, accessed June 20 2012 http://www. iiste. org/Journals/index. php/RJFA/article/view/1305/1225 Dobson, Wendy. 2002. Financial Services Liberalization in the WTO, International Economics Policy Briefs, No. PB02-8. International Institute of Economics,Toronto. 182 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 Kothari, C. R. , Research Methodology, 2nd ed. , Newdelhi, New Age International Pvt. Ltd. , 2005. www. iiste. org 0. Lovelock, Cheristopher, Service Marketing, 4th ed. , Simgspore, Sddison Wesley Longnian Pvt. Lyd. , 2001. Mattoo, Aaditya. 2002. Financial Services and the World Trade Organization:Liberalization Commitments and the World Trade Organization, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC. Ministry of Finance(2010), Bangladesh Economic Servey 2010, Ministry of Finance, Dhaka. Mascarenhas, Romeos, Service Sector Management, 1st ed. , Mumbai, VipuPrak ashan, 2002. 3. 5. Tour to bangladesh. com (Tour Operator of Bangladesh) 2010, Tourism Vision 2020, Bangladesh, accessed 2 May 2011, http://www. tourtobangladesh. om/Bangladesh-Tourism-Vision-2020. php Transportation, accessed 2 May, 2011 Appendices Table 1(a): Contribution of total service sector in GDP 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 49816 2519 37464 6608 25033 10505 9624 8373 23832 173774 6. 60 7. 31 7. 48 8. 13 3. 67 7. 88 8. 42 7. 02 4. 14 6. 17 Trade (Retail & Whole sales Hotel & Restaurants Transport, Storage & Communication Banking & Insurance Real Estate, Renting & other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense Education Health and Social Work Community, Social and Services Total Service Personal 8021 1335 19579 3270 18096 5322 4651 4548 16538 101360 29868 1427 20863 3489 18715 5637 5004 4789 17073 106865 31687 1527 22292 3722 19374 5932 5384 5059 17640 112617 33770 1635 23676 3983 20068 6351 5 798 5371 18340 118992 36155 1751 25552 4338 20801 6860 6256 5768 19082 126563 38596 1881 27592 4707 21569 7420 6822 6217 19863 134667 41700 2023 29809 5139 22381 8044 7433 6693 20733 143955 44543 2176 32357 5596 23221 8543 8013 7163 21731 153343 47309 2341 34949 6099 24106 9142 8658 7678 22753 163035 Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2010 Table 1(b): Contributions and growth of sub sectorsService sub-sector Trade (Retail & Whole sales Hotel & Restaurants Transport, Storage & Communication Banking & Insurance Real Estate, Renting & other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense Education Health and Social Work Community, Social and Personal Services Total Std. of Service sub-sector 7526. 08 398. 47 6109. 71 1140. 47 2336. 93 1678. 77 1647. 75 1289. 33 2471. 01 24576. 02 Std. of Service sub-sector growth 0. 75 0. 29 0. 80 1. 04 0. 14 2. 85 1. 17 1. 17 0. 58 0. 54 Avg. Contribution % 14. 06% 0. 68% 10. 07% 1. 72% 7. 98% 2. 71% 2. 48% 2. 27% 7. 37% 49. 33% Avg. f subsecto r total 38146. 50 1861. 50 27413. 30 4695. 10 21336. 40 7375. 60 6764. 30 6165. 90 19758. 50 133517. 10 Avg. of subsector growth Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2010 183 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 Table 2(a): Sector wise contribution in GDP (in percentage) 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 www. iiste. org Contribution of Agricultures Contribution Industry Contribution of service Total 25. 03 26. 20 48. 77 100 23. 98 26. 75 49. 27 100 3. 47 27. 24 49. 30 100 23. 08 27. 69 49. 22 100 22. 27 28. 31 49. 42 100 21. 84 29. 03 49. 14 100 21. 38 29. 45 49. 17 100 20. 83 29. 70 49. 47 100 20. 48 29. 86 49. 66 100 20. 16 29. 95 49. 90 100 1. 6 1. 38 0. 31 0. 00 22. 25 28. 42 49. 33 100 Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2010 Table 2(b): Sector-wise growth of GDP (in percentage) 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2 008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Average 3. 21 7. 49 6. 17 5. 88 112214. 5 16. 16% 51510. 798 199368 15. 89% 24606. 842 (87153. 5) 16. 69% Average Agriculture Industry Service 0. 01 6. 53 5. 43 3. 8 7. 26 5. 38 4. 09 7. 60 5. 66 2. 21 8. 28 6. 36 4. 94 9. 74 6. 40 6. 63 4. 56 8. 38 6. 90 6. 43 3. 21 6. 78 6. 52 6. 19 4. 12 6. 46 6. 32 5. 74 4. 39 6. 42 6. 59 6. 00 1. 53 1. 13 0. 54 0. 68 Total GDP 4. 42 5. 26 6. 27 5. 96 Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2010 Table 2(c): Growth of service and other sector (Chain base) 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Average 7. 02 5. 61 5. 88 SDEV 28849. 471 Service 5. 30 5. 64 6. 17 7. 39 7. 78 7. 66 Other 3. 52 5. 14 6. 82 5. 59 6. 83 6. 01 Sectors Total GDP 4. 42 5. 26 6. 27 5. 96 6. 63 6. 3 growth Source: Bangladesh Economic Review-2010 Table 4: Service Receipts and Payments (in million Taka) 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 7. 02 5. 89 6. 19 7. 19 5. 21 5. 74 9. 05 5. 46 6. 00 1. 17 1. 00 0. 68 200 7-2008 2008-2009 Service Receipts 75067 89780 102352 129103 Growth of Service 19. 60% 14. 00% 26. 14% Receipts Service Payments 124871 156279 189649 231667 Growth of Service 25. 15% 21. 35% 22. 16% Payment Services(net) (49804) (66499) (87297) (102564) Growth of Service 33. 52% 31. 28% 17. 49% (net) Source: Bangladesh Balance of Payment-2010, Bangladesh Bank 122451 -5. 15% 236634 2. 4% (114183) 11. 33% 154534 26. 20% 257108 8. 65% (102574) -10. 17% 184 2009-2010 STDEV STDEV Average STDEV Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 Table 5: Employment contributions Year 1984 1985 Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) 58. 8 57. 7 Employment in industry (% of total employment) 11 11. 5 Employment in services (% of total employment) 24. 2 26 Source: World development index, World Bank Table 6: Growth of economic sectors 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 ww. iiste. org 1986 57. 1 12. 5 26. 5 1989 64. 9 15. 4 14. 8 1991 66. 4 13 16. 2 1996 63. 2 9. 6 25 2000 62. 1 10. 3 23. 5 2003 51. 7 13. 7 34. 6 2005 48. 1 14. 5 37. 4 SD 6. 06 1. 95 7. 35 Avg. 58. 89 12. 39 25. 36 Agriculture 0. 01 3. 08 4. 09 2. 21 4. 94 4. 56 Industry 6. 53 7. 26 7. 60 8. 28 9. 74 8. 38 Service 5. 43 5. 38 5. 66 6. 36 6. 40 6. 90 Total GDP 4. 42 5. 26 6. 27 5. 96 6. 63 6. 43 Source: Bangladesh Economic Review-2010, Ministry of Finance 3. 21 6. 78 6. 52 6. 19 4. 12 6. 46 6. 32 5. 74 4. 39 6. 42 6. 59 6. 00 1. 53 1. 13 0. 54 0. 68 . 21 7. 49 6. 17 5. 88 Figure 1: Contrubution of Service, Industry and Agriculutre Figure 2: Comparative Sector-wise Growth Rate 185 Average STDEV Sectors Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org Figure 3: Service Export and Import Figure 4: Employment of Service Sectors. 186 This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Tech nology and Education (IISTE). 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Should Marijuana Be Legal For Medical Purposes - 2106 Words

Some call it ganja, some call it pot, and some call it marijuana. Some smoke ganja to get high and fly , some smoke pot to be stoners, but then they are the people who smoke marijuana to medicate. Legalizing marijuana has been a big controversy for a while. But in 1996 and 2004 California took two steps forward for legalizing marijuana. The first was prop 215 making possessing and cultivating pot legal for medical purposes. The second was an extension on prop 215 which is SB 420 allowing dispensaries or collectives to be open for the distribution of medical marijuana for patients only. To be a patient you have to poses a medical card. Dispensaries have been opening around California since 2004 and still are in the process of opening, but recently dispensaries have been getting shut down. They have been getting shut down due to random raids and no zoning laws. Medical marijuana is a medication for many with severe illnesses or pain. 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For us, the long-term side effects that are unknown for something that cant kill him are a lot better than the long-termRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Legalizing marijuana has been an ongoing discussion in the united states for many years. Many people think there is no good way to use, while other people believe it could be a helpful medical treatment. Recreational use is what makes this drug a problem. Many people use this drug for non-medical purposes causing it to become a cash crop drug. Marijuana should be legal for medical purposes only. If it was made legal for medical purposes it could help many people who have diseases that can be curedRead MoreWhos in Charge of the Store? Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesWho should be regulating medical marijuana? Majority leader of the California State Assembly, Alberto Torrico asserts that marijuana, used for medicinal purposes, should be legal and regulated to ensure safe, pesticide free, organic cannabis. However, Torrico maintains non-medical marijuana should remain illegal for all California citizens who do not have a physician diagnosed medical need, such as AIDS or cancer. He contents that advancing the cause of legalizing marijuana to provide additionalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1453 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is arguably the most controversial drug in history. In general, when someone hears the word â€Å"drugs† they think of a terrible substance that will destroy the human body. However bringing up marijuana, many people think of different things. Some think of a degenerate hippie, but many Americans simply do not know what to think, and bringing up the legalization of the substance is even more controversial. There is a large group of people that believe the legalization of marijuana is pointlessRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?876 Words   |  4 Pagesare capable of pursuing criminal charges for marijuana possession, however there is a lack of consensus with regard to the legal status of marijua na in Canada. Where the superior and appellate courts in Ontario have declared marijuana laws to be of no force and/or effect and public opinion polls have found an increasing majority of agreement in that marijuana use should not be a criminal offence, Justin Trudeau announced that the possession of marijuana for recreational and medicinal use would beRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?897 Words   |  4 Pages A very well-known topic in today s society is marijuana also known as cannabis or weed. As a matter of fact, the big question today that many people tend to disagree on is whether or not marijuana should be legalized? Recently, all eyes have been focused on Colorado due to the fact that they became the first state in the U.S to officially pass an amendment legalizing the consumption and use of marijuana. Marijuana can be classified as a depressant and a hallucinogen. This drug has beenRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout the

Existentialist Themes Of Anxiety And Absurdity - 1842 Words

Existentialist Themes of Anxiety and Absurdity In a world with such a vast amount of people there exists virtually every different belief, thought, and ideology. This means that for every argument and every disagreement that their exists two sides of relative equal strength. It is through these disagreements that arguments are formed. Arguments are the building blocks in which philosophers use to analyze situations and determine theories of life. For the purpose of this paper I will try and argue my personal beliefs on a specific argument. This argument is presented in a form of a question and upon examination of the contents of this question, several different and unique questions arise. In order to support my theory as to†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the most prominent concept in existentialism is that of choice. Humanitys primary distinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Existentialists have held that human beings do not have a fixed nature, or essence, as other animals and plants do; each human being makes choices that create his or her own nature. Choice is therefore central to human existence, and it is inescapable; even the refusal to chose is a choice (Web 1). Freedom of choice entails commitment and responsibility. Because individuals are free to choose their path, existentialists have argued, they must accept the risk and responsibility of following their commitment wherever it leads. For the basic theory in which I have adapted mainly from existentialism, there lies six unique themes which define it. First, there is the basic existentialist standpoint, the existence precedes essence, has primacy over essence (Grene). Man is a conscious subject, rather than a thing to be predicted or manipulated; he exists as a conscious being, and not in accordance with any definition, essence, generalization, or system. Existentialism says I am nothing else but my own conscious existence. A second existentialist theme is that of anxiety, or the sense of anguish, a generalized uneasiness, a gear or dread which is notShow MoreRelatedEssay Existentialism1050 Words   |  5 Pages Existentialism refers to the philosophical movement or tendency of the nineteenth and twentyth centuries. Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, a precise definition is impossible; however, it suggests one major theme: a stress on individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice {3}. Existentialism also refers to a family of philosophies devoted to an interpretation of human existence in the world that stresses its concretenessRead MoreThe Song Unwritten by Natasha Bedingfield850 Words   |  3 Pagesother musicians that have existential themes in their music and I have noticed that most of existentialism music seems to span from much of the well-known literature. Existentialism is prominently seen in literature through the minds of geniuses like Kierkegaard, Heidegger and Sartre. The Concept of Anxiety by Kierkegaard helps to explain the true definition of anxiety and why it exists. â€Å"Learning to understand anxiety is an adventure† (Kierkegaard). Anxiety is having fear for the unknown, so thereRead MoreAbsurdity Between Kafka and Camus4307 Words   |  18 PagesMetamorphosis and Camus The Outsider. The chief concern of both writers is to find a kind of solution to the predicament of modern man and his conflict with machines and scientific theories. Death, freedom, truth and identity are themes to be studies here in the sense of absurdity.    Kafka was born in Prague in 1883. On the Surface, it would seem that he led a very uninteresting life. He grew up in German-speaking Jewish family. His father was very oppressive towards him  which made  Kafka increasingly isolatedRead More Existentialism, Beloved, and The Bluest Eye Essay3346 Words   |  14 PagesExistentialism, Beloved, and The Bluest Eye  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toni Morrison has written several novels, many of which show the influence of existentialist thinking; however, Beloved and The Bluest Eye both strongly illustrate all of the major existential themes. Beloved is a novel about a woman, Sethe, who escapes from slavery with her children. She is haunted both physically and psychologically by her experience, as evidenced by the scars she carries on her back from a severe beatingRead MoreExistentialism in Waiting for Godot950 Words   |  4 Pagesrepudiates the idea of religion or any ‘supreme’ being bringing meaning to life, and advocates the idea that individuals are instrumental in finding a purpose to life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hence in Samuel Becket’s existentialist play Waiting For Godot, he puts forth an idea that all of humanity is wasting their lives in inaction- waiting for the salvation of a deity, when that divine being may or may not even exist. As inferred from the phrase existence precedes essenceRead Moreexistentialism Essay3317 Words   |  14 Pageshuman being cannot find any purpose in life; his existence is only a contingent fact. His being does not emerge from necessity. If a human being rejects the false pretensions, the illusions of his existence hav- ing a meaning, he encounters the absurdity, the fu- tility of life. The human beings role in the world is not predetermined or fixed; every person is com- pelled to make a choice. Choice is one thing the human being must make. The trouble is that most often the human being refuses to chooseRead MoreEssay about Existentialism2347 Words   |  10 Pagesin the works The Metamorphosis, â€Å"A Hunger Artist,† and â€Å"The Yello w Wallpaper.† Each person is an individual; essentially, no two people experience a situation the same because no two people are the same. Due to this, existentialists tend to feel very alone and isolated. Existentialists do not believe in the concept of â€Å"society.† The sense of pure individualism alienates them. Professor Gordon E. Bigelow describes the existential view of isolation, â€Å"Man lives in alienation from God, from nature, fromRead MoreExistentialism in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay examples1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fact that humankind is capable of great evil and has limitless possibilities, yet this is a curse rather than a blessing: we are condemned to be free and are thus held accountable for our actions. The ludicrousity, however, is found in the existentialist belief that life has no purpose, and while the choices that we make are irrelevant on grand scale, they ultimately influence our self-definition. Jean-Paul Sartre postulates that existence precedes essence: the individual has no pre-defined purposeRead MoreThe Absurdity of Human Existence1305 Words   |  5 PagesThe Absurdity of Human Existence The philosophy of the absurd is defined as â€Å"the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life and the human inability to find any.† Growing up in wartime Paris, Albert Camus found himself questioning life and its mysterious ways. It was during his childhood that he first developed his philosophy of the absurd. Living through two world wars, growing up not knowing his own father (who had died as a soldier in World War I) and havingRead MoreExistentialism And Its Impact On Society Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesof existentialism but never used the term as a self-describer and was categorized as an existentialist posthumously. Sartre derived his inspiration from Martin Heidegger and embraced the term, but he was hardly the only one to flirt with such thinking. Many philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoyevsky were also influential existentialists. Although this b ranch of philosophy theorizes over many facets of human existence, one

A Hypothetical New School Free Essays

In the post-modern knowledge society, the role of the school in the education of the youth is paramount.   Education should develop the holistic person through the implementation of an educational program in the school. Among the auxiliary services of school, the library is directly related to the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes, which are important to developing the youth’s potentials for a functional membership in his society. We will write a custom essay sample on A Hypothetical New School or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This paper proposes a library design in terms of its basic features contained in the educational philosophy of a hypothetical school. New School Library Philosophy In the holistic education of a student, a school endeavors to develop the whole person composed of mind, heart, body, and spirit.   The school library herein proposed shall be devoted to the attainment of the basic vision of educating the youth to be a holistic person predominated by his spiritual intelligence with an ethical conscience that is able to guide his in living as a functional member of society—local and international. With a superior spiritual intelligence, a holistic person is able to develop and utilize all the other aspects of his personality, mind, body, and heart since the spirit influences all these aspects.   Spiritual intelligence is â€Å"the guidance of all three other intelligences,† (Latumahina, 2007.)   Spiritual intelligence can be developed â€Å"through making and keeping promises, educating and obeying your conscience, and asking questions yourself and living the answers.† Spiritual Intelligence and the Library. The school library herein proposed will provide great opportunities for developing the spiritual intelligence of its clients.   The working and learning environment is of great emphasis. The library staff shall be imbued with compassionate and caring attitudes towards the school and the outside community.   Moreover, the library staff will be composed of highly trained professionals in the delivery of services to the students, teachers, school employees and outside clients. They shall work for and with those clients, thus, making the school library a service center of the school.   Working closely with the clientele also develops and utilizes their spiritual intelligence, which they pass on to the students.   The staff will therefore be not only â€Å"servicing workers† but also â€Å"instructing librarians.† Beyond the physical domain of the library, the staff will be rendering community service with the students, teachers and administrators, thus, making them an integral part of the school and community. The school library emphasizes service to its clientele and the community.   It will focus on service learning. It will promote ethical, civic, and academic growth through learning projects. These projects shall bring the school to the community.   Students, teachers, and parent volunteers will participate in reading projects where teachers, administrators, librarians, parents and students read out loud to the community. Projects like these will help school community members, students, teachers, parents, and other citizens discover core values they have in common, and they will learn teamwork, decision-making skills, and strategies for implementing effective service learning projects. These projects will enable students to acquire teamwork and decision-making skills as well as strategies for action. The library materials shall be composed of books, journals, magazines, electronic media and others that will be useful for developing knowledge, skills and attitudes which are important to life and career.   They shall be influencing the development of mind, body, heart, and spirit. The library collections shall evenly address the needs of the students in learning the basic sciences, social studies, humanities, arts, languages and technology.   Interactive electronic materials will be especially devoted to the development of social grace, ethics, values and morality.   Multicultural education will be given emphasis in the selection of reading materials and interactive materials in the social studies. Ethics and the New School.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In realizing the vision of educating the holistic person, the mission of the new school, therefore, puts emphasis on the development of the ethical conscience of the students, thereby unfolding their spiritual intelligence. This will be realized by incorporating ethics and morality as an integrated aspect of the school curriculum.   Ethics and morality guide the individual in being and becoming a functional member of society.   Foremost, the individual sets his goals in life in consideration of the overarching goals of society, which is peaceful co-existence and living with the rest of mankind — a main ingredient of multicultural education. Goal-achievement is guided by an ethical conscience toward to tolerance for other cultures and societies as well as care for the environment.   The new school fosters tolerance through the compassionate and caring values and attitudes of its administrators, teachers and employees. The school library shall be at the forefront of the service-oriented school staff.   The librarians and other library workers will set examples in the development of spiritual intelligence.   Every staff member will be an instructional model of ethics and morality. A tender, loving, and caring attitude shall be radiated by every worker rendering services to the clients.   It is by fostering a library environment which serves and cares that the ethics of tolerance and co-existence will be taught to the students.   It will be teaching by example. Primary Purpose of Education at the New School.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Self-enhancement, therefore, shall be the main purpose for which the school’s educational program will be designed and implemented.   It is assumed that every human being is undergoing the educative process as she lives in society with all relevant social institutions nurturing and nourishing his. But the new school will be enhancing that education through transformation.   Transformative education will, thus, be the hallmark of the new school.   It shall endeavor to provide every possible opportunity for the unfolding of the potentials of the individual for a fruitful and rewarding life spent with the rest of the community of mankind. How to cite A Hypothetical New School, Papers

Philippine Literature During Japanese Period Essay Example For Students

Philippine Literature During Japanese Period Essay During the Nipponese Occupation. when Tagalog was favored by the Nipponese military authorization. composing in English was consigned to limbo. It picked up after the war. nevertheless. with a ardor and thrust for excellence that continue to this twenty-four hours. Stevan Javellana’s â€Å"Without Sing the Dawn† ( 1947 ) . the first postwar novel in English. was published in the United States. In 1946. the Barangay Writers Project was founded to assist print books in English. Against a background marked by political agitation and authorities conflicts with Hukbalahap guerillas. authors in English in the postwar period honed their sense of trade and techniques. Among the authors who came into their ain during this clip were: Nick Joaquin. NVM Gonzalez. Francisco Arcellana. Carlos Bulosan. F. Sionil Jose. Ricaredo Demetillo. Kerima Polotan Tuvera. Carlos Angeles. Edilberto K. Tiempo. Amador Daguio. Estrella Alfon. Alejandrino Hufana. Gregorio Brillantes. Bienvenido Santos. Dominador Ilio. T. D. Agcaoili. Alejandro R. Roces. Sinai C. Hamada. Linda Ty-Casper. Virginia Moreno. Luis Dato. Gilda Cordero-Fernando. Abelardo and Tarrosa Subido. Manuel A. Viray. Vicente Rivera Jr. . and Oscar de Zuniga. among many others. Fresh from surveies in American universities. normally as Fulbright or Rockefeller bookmans. a figure of these authors introduced New Criticism to the state and applied its dogmas in literature categories and composing workshops. In this manner were born the Silliman Writers Summer Workshop ( started in 1962 by Edilberto K. Tiempo and Edith L. Tiempo ) and the U. P. Writers Summer Workshop ( started in 1965 by the Department of English at the U. P. ) . To this twenty-four hours. these workshops help detect composing endowments and develop them in their trade.